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Financing and Acquiring Park and Recreation Resources
When John Crompton and Dennis Howard co-authored their classic book Financing, Managing and Marketing Recreation and Park Resources in 1979, they put the spotlight on a growing shortfall in park funding and discussed an array of innovative solutions. Twenty years later, continued budget cutbacks and additional service demands have made funding an even greater concern for park and recreation managers.
Now Crompton has put every aspect of park and recreation financing into a comprehensive resource that will help today's and tomorrow's managers meet the daily challenge of "doing more with less."
Financing and Acquiring Park and Recreation Resources is not an abstract reference destined to fill space on a shelf, but a comprehensive source book filled with real and workable solutions. It examines the forces behind decreased public spending and presents a wide range of alternative funding methods being used to bridge the gap and pay for new facilities and programs. You'll find information on everything from the traditional mechanisms of municipal bonds and property taxes to the evolving role of donations, volunteers, sponsorships, foundations, coproduction, and public-private alliances in funding park operations.
There's more to making ends meet than coming up with the dollars. Cost containment and effective resource management are also important factors. This book covers it all, from basic operating budgets to various ways of out-sourcing services and sharing resources to make every dollar count.
Where others may merely suggest ideas like using volunteers, Crompton spells out the details, from selecting and managing recruits to preparing for their arrival. And where others may briefly allude to possible sources of friction in fund-raising efforts, Crompton gives readers a clear picture of the intangible forces that motivate every funding decision on the private and public level.
There's a vast difference between knowing what to do and knowing how to get it done. Crompton makes it easy with helpful hints and practical solutions, including the following:
* How to select companies with good sponsorship potential
* How to recognize and position your assets
* Who to contact within a sponsor organization and what to say
* How to find and manage volunteers
* How to build long-term relationships with benefactors
* How to write successful grant proposals
No other book covers so much information with such clarity and detail. Crompton has successfully rewritten the "bible" of financial problem solving for public park and recreation organizations. If there's a way to cut costs, raise funds, form partnerships, or reevaluate assets to further the successful operation of park and recreation areas, you'll find it in this book.
Additional Information
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Foundations of Financing and Acquisition
Chapter 1. Introduction: The Operating Environment
Evolution of the Tax Revolt
Emergence of the Park and Recreation Manager as Entrepreneur
Orientation to the Text
Summary
References
Chapter 2. Property Taxes, Sales Taxes, and Bonds
General Property Taxes
The Mechanics of Proposition 13
Real-Estate Transfer Taxes
Sales Taxes
The Hotel-Motel Tax
Manufacturers' Excise Tax on Recreational Equipment
Benefit Assessment Districts
Capital Funding Mechanisms
Full-Faith and Credit Obligations
Nonguaranteed Debt
Conducting a Bond Campaign
Mechanics of Selling Bonds
Summary
References
Chapter 3. Budgeting Processes
Capital Budgeting
The Operating Budget
Roles of the Actors
Incremental Budgeting
Types of Operating Budgets
Line-Item Budgeting
Program Budgeting
Performance Budgeting
Zero-Base Budgeting
Entrepreneurial Budgeting Systems
Enterprise Funds
Budget Preparation
Budget Monitoring
Summary
References
Chapter 4. Less-Than-Fee Simple Approaches
Differential Taxation Assessment
Planned Unit and Cluster Developments
Transference of Development Rights
Easements
Affirmative and Negative Easements
Term and Perpetual Easements
Landowner Considerations in Negotiating an Easement
Agency Considerations in Negotiating an Easement
Strategies for Expediting Easement Acquisition
The Emergence of Greenways
Greenline Parks
Models
Advantages and Disadvantages
Summary
References
Chapter 5. Repositioning the Field to Create a Broader Constituency
The Set of Repositioning Strategies
Aligning With Community
Contributing to Economic Development
Attracting Tourists
Attracting Businesses
Attracting Retirees
Enhancing Real-Estate Values
Expanding Retail Sales of Equipment
Stimulating Urban Rejuvenation
Alleviating Social Problems
Youth Crime
Unemployment
Nonchallenging Employment
Environmental Stress
Cost of Health Care
Summary
References
Part II: Direct Partnerships
Chapter 6. The Emergent Paradigm: Privatization and Partnerships
Frustration With Direct Service Delivery
The Emergence of Privatization
The Convergence of Political Agendas
Recognition of the Inefficiencies Associated With Monopolistic Direct Delivery
Awareness of the Distinction Between Provision and Production
Reconciling Value Systems of Agencies and Businesses
Making Partnerships Work
The Unfair Competition Issue
Campgrounds
Recreational and Fitness Centers
Other Public Sector Contexts
Nonprofit Organizations
Summary
References
Chapter 7. The Complementary Assets of Park and Recreation Agencies and Business Enterprises
Agency Pump-Priming Resources
Land Bank
Low-Cost Capital
Tax Incentives
Control Over Permit and Zoning Processes
Commercial Sector Assets
Ability to Raise Capital
Specialized Management Expertise
Reduced Labor Costs
Adaptability to Scale of Service
Reduced Liability Risks
Summary
References
Chapter 8. Partnerships With the Commercial Sector Beyond Pump Priming
Land Exchanges
Types of Voluntary Exchanges
Mitigation Land Exchanges
Using Existing Commercial Facilities
Recreational Facilities or Classes
Urban Parks
Resources Beyond the Urban Environment
Using Utility Company Lands
Public Sector Takeover of Commercial Facilities
Joint Development With the Commercial Sector
Multiparty Partnerships
Expansion of Existing Facilities
Commercial Sector Pump Priming
Leaseback Arrangements
Multiple Exploitation of a Resource
Summary
References
Chapter 9. Contracting Out Services
Analyzing the Potential for Cost Savings
Availability of Alternative Service Producers
Central Sources of Controversy
Displacement of Existing Personnel
Control of Prices
Equity
Soliciting Public Input
Formulating the Contract
Safeguarding Against Contract Failure
Selecting the Invitation-to-Bid or Request-for-Proposals Approach
Types of Payment Option
Size and Scope of Contract
Contract Content
Monitoring the Contractor's Performance
Case Example: Contracting Out Maintenance and Mowing Services
Planning and Preparation
Implementation
Summary
References
Chapter 10. Acquiring Resources Through Exactions
Alternative Forms of Exactions
Land Dedication
Fees in Lieu
Impact Fees
Legal Challenges
Perceptions of Exactions by Stakeholder Groups
Perspectives of Local Government Officials: The Case for Support
Perspectives of Local Government Officials: The Case for Opposition
Perspectives of Developers: The Case for Support
Perspectives of Developers: The Case for Opposition
Perspectives of New Residents: The Case for Support
Perspectives of New Residents: The Case for Opposition
Perspectives of Existing Residents: The Case for Support
Perspectives of Existing Residents: The Case for Opposition
Negotiated Planning Gains
Incentive Zoning
Concept of Linkage
Summary
References
Chapter 11. Intergovernmental Cooperation
Partnerships With Schools
Benefits of Joint Provision
Difficulties Arising From Joint Provision
Vision: The Key Ingredient
Partnerships With Other Public Agencies
Cooperative Ventures With Other Local Agencies
Cooperative Ventures With Federal and State Agencies
Federal Grant Support
The Land and Water Conservation Fund
Other Federal Grant Opportunities
Youth Crime Prevention Programs
Summary
References
Chapter 12. Facilitation and Coproduction
Forms of Facilitation
The Concept of Coproduction
Advantages of Coproduction
Limitations of Coproduction
Transitioning From Direct Delivery to Coproduction
Demonstrating Accountability
Agency Conduits for Investing in Coproduction
Vouchers
Summary
References
Part III: Support From External Sources
Chapter 13. Support From Volunteers
Benefits That Volunteers Bring to an Agency
Motives of Volunteers
Corporate Volunteers
Preparing an Agency for Volunteers
Securing Employee Support
Organizational Arrangements for Managing Volunteer Programs
Liability Risk
Developing Job Descriptions
Recruitment of Volunteers
Interviewing
Retention of Volunteers
Evaluation
Recognition and Rewards
Summary
References
Chapter 14. Support From Donations
Donations From Individuals
Tax Considerations
Phased Acquisition of Property
Five Types of Planned Donations
Donations From Businesses
Motives for Business Donations
Rationales for Businesses Not Making Donations
Influence of the Tax Structure on Corporate Donation Decisions
Summary
References
Chapter 15. Popular Donation Vehicles
Planned Donation Workshops
Key Features of Successful Planned Donation Workshops
Gifts Catalogs
Advantages of Gifts Catalogs
Developing a Gifts Catalog
Donating Personal Bricks
Donation Boxes and Fountains
Check-Off Donations
Adopt-a-Facility Programs
Cause-Related Marketing
Summary
References
Chapter 16. Support From Sponsorships
Benefits Sought From Sponsorships by Business Organizations
The Relationship Between Sponsorship Benefits and the Consumer's Purchase Decision Process
The Media's Key Role in Enhancing Sponsor Benefits
Sponsorship of Recreation by Tobacco and Alcohol Companies
Integrating Sponsorship With Other Communication Vehicles
Measuring the Impact of Sponsorship
Linking Sponsorship to the Communication Process
Summary
References
Chapter 17. Soliciting Sponsorship and Donation Investments
Matching a Recreation Service With a Potential Corporate Investor
Matching Images
Matching Target Markets
Developing a Set of Potential Company Investors
Preparation of Proposals
Developing and Pricing Benefit Packages
Communicating the Proposal
Preparation
Presentation
Handling Negative Reactions
Closing
Criteria Used by Companies to Screen Proposals
Handling Rejections
The Contract
Working Together to Make It Happen
Post-Event Follow-Up
A Concluding Example: The Importance of Flair and Imagination
Summary
References
Chapter 18. Support Roles of Foundations
Legal Status
The Roles of Foundations in Support of Public Agencies
Facilitate Donations and Grants
Accept Controversy and Risk
Provide Agility
Offer Specialized Expertise
Extend Beyond Jurisdictional Boundaries
Summary
References
Chapter 19. Types of Foundations
Operating Foundations
Expression of Corporate Philanthropy
Umbrella Foundations
Deliver Auxiliary Services for Public Agencies
Alternative to Public Agency Management
Support Foundations
National Foundations
Local Foundations
Grant-Aiding Foundations
Corporate Foundations
General or Special-Purpose Foundations
Community Foundations
Private Foundations
Summary
References
Index
About the Author
Developer / Author(s)
John L. Crompton, PhD, is a professor of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences at Texas A&M University and a former president of both the Academy of Park and Recreation Administration and the Society of Park and Recreation Educators (SPRE).
Considered the leading authority in his field, Professor Crompton has authored more than 300 publications. He also has traveled extensively, keynoting the Annual National Park and Recreation Conferences in Great Britain, Canada, Japan, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. He's a recipient of the Outstanding Literary Award and the Outstanding Research Award from the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA), and he received the Distinguished Colleague Award and the Outstanding Teaching Award from the SPRE.
In 1979, Crompton and Dennis Howard co-authored Financing, Managing and Marketing Recreation and Park Resources, which became the definitive text used in the curricula of more than 100 colleges. Since its publication, Professor Crompton has continued his research, conducting workshops around the world and gathering practical information from across North America for this book.
Professor Crompton earned his doctorate in Recreation Resources Development at Texas A&M University in 1977. He also is a member of the Board of Trustees of NRPA.
Editor(s)
| Product Code / ISBN |
0880118067 |
| ISBN13 (if applicable) |
9780880118064 |
| Issue / Publication Date |
15/11/1998 |
| Product / Publication Type |
C |
| Developer / Lead Author |
Crompton, John L. |
| Model / Edition |
1 |
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